有時候我們看一些譯文會發現雖然譯文好像沒什么語法錯誤,但讀起來很不自然,這種情況一般是句式不符合英語表達習慣導致的。比如“我們學校女生比男生多”,根據漢語的表達習慣容易寫成:Female students in our school are more than male students. 但更加符合英語表達習慣的說法是:There are more female students in our school than male ones.
又比如“我突然想到了一個主意”,有同學可能會寫:I suddenly had an idea. 但更好的譯法是:An idea occurred to me.
此外,對于常見的there be句式,使用時也要特別注意。
很多同學會在考研圖畫作文的第一段用there be句型來描述圖畫,例如“在圖中有兩個年輕人在登山”,有些人會寫成:In the picture, there are two young people climb the mountain. 這種寫法是錯誤的,climb the mountain應該改為現在分詞形式,即:In the picture, there are two young people climbing the mountain. 或者用定語從句:In the picture, there are two young people who are climbing the mountain.
(2)語義重復
漢語中有時候為了強調會重復用詞,如果直譯就容易出現冗余問題。舉個例子,“我們必須節約,減少不必要的開支”,有人可能譯成:We should practice economy and reduce unnecessary spending. 但仔細分析原文后我們會發現,“節約”和“減少不必要的開支”其實說的是同一件事情,如果直譯會表意重復,可以直接寫成:We should practice economy.
又比如“盡管有過爭吵,他們仍然是好朋友”,有人譯為:In spite of their quarrel, they still remained good friends. 這里still和remain出現了詞義重復,因為remain就包含了前者的意思,因此要去掉still這一單詞。
(3)時態問題
動詞的時態問題也是中譯英的一個難點。舉個例子,假如我們到了某個地方之后發現有朋友也在那里,我們可能會對朋友說“我不知道你在這兒”。對于這一句子,有人會翻譯成:I don’t know you are here. 但這一譯法是有問題的,因為在說話的時候我們已經知道朋友在那里了,“不知道”這個動作是發生在過去,時態應該用過去時,句子要改為:I didn’t know you were here.
關于動詞時態這里還有一個例子,漫威電影Venom(毒液)里面女主角和男主角分手前有這樣一段對話:
Annie: Your ego requires constant attention, and you're stubborn as hell. But I was willing to roll with it, Eddie, because I loved you.
Eddie: You "loved" me? What is that supposed to mean?
這里她用的是I loved you,而非I love you,說明她以前愛過(但現在不愛了)。動詞時態變化隱含了豐富的含義,這一點在翻譯中要特別注意。
(4)介詞搭配有誤
有些介詞在英語中必不可少,但在漢語中可以省略,在這種情況下直譯很容易出現介詞遺漏的問題。
舉個例子,“我們敲了門,但里面沒人”,這句話可能會被譯為:We knocked the door but there was no one there. 漢語中“敲”和“門”之間并不需要加介詞,但英文里面要說knock at/on the door。
又比如,“他們會把他們取得的任何進步都告訴他”,這句話可能被譯成:They would inform him any progress they had made. “告知某人某事”不能直接說inform somebody something,而要說inform somebody of something
比如“清明節是中國人掃墓的日子”,這句話如果直譯為:Tomb-Sweeping Day is a day for Chinese people to sweep the tomb. 不熟悉中華文化的人看了估計會一頭霧水。對于這個句子我們需要適當增加信息,比如:Tomb-Sweeping Day is a day when Chinese people visit the tombs of their ancestors to clean the gravesites and make ritual offerings.